22 results
Improving the Identification, Assessment and Management of Osteoporosis and Fragility Fracture Risk on a Later Life Psychiatry Ward: A Complete Audit Cycle
- Morwenna Senior, Thomas Hewson, Francesca Brownless, Ross Dunne
-
- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 8 / Issue S1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 June 2022, p. S113
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Open access
- Export citation
-
Aims
Osteoporosis is common amongst elderly patient populations and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to assess whether national clinical guidelines regarding the identification, assessment and management of osteoporosis and fragility fracture risk were being adhered to on a female later life psychiatry ward. We then aimed to improve the detection and treatment of osteoporosis amongst this patient cohort and subsequently conducted a re-audit of adherence to relevant clinical guidelines.
MethodsIn July 2021, the electronic health records of the 20 most recently discharged patients from a female later life psychiatry ward were reviewed. The proportion of patients who appropriately received FRAX screening, DEXA scanning and pharmacological management of osteoporosis and fragility fracture risk was recorded. The results were compared to standards identified in national clinical guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). In addition, the proportion of patients who had FRAX scores communicated to their general practitioners on discharge was recorded. Recommendations were made based on audit findings, and several changes to ward processes were implemented including incorporating fracture risk scoring in a structured ward round template and displaying information posters about osteoporosis in clinical areas. A re-audit was completed in February 2022 using the same methodology as baseline to re-assess adherence to the audit standards.
ResultsAll included patients were female and aged >65 years, and therefore eligible for consideration of fragility fracture risk according to NICE guidelines. 88% (15/17 patients) of those without pre-existing osteoporosis had FRAX scores calculated during their admission on re-audit compared to 50% (8/16 patients) at baseline. 73% (11/15 patients) had FRAX scores communicated to their GP on discharge at completion of the audit cycle compared to 25% (2/8 patients) at baseline. At completion of the audit cycle 10% (1/10 patients) with intermediate fragility fracture risk received measurement of bone mineral density during admission while 30% (3/10) had this recommended to their GP on discharge. None of the high-risk patients (n = 4) were started on bisphosphonate therapy.
ConclusionOn completion of the audit cycle, we found excellent compliance with national guidelines regarding the identification of osteoporosis and fragility fracture risk, which demonstrates the feasibility of considering this aspect of physical health in the setting of a later-life psychiatry ward. Areas for improvement include the assessment and management of patients identified as having intermediate or high risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures.
Stigma toward mental and physical illness: attitudes of healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public in Pakistan
- Part of
- Muhammad Omair Husain, Syeda S. Zehra, Madeha Umer, Tayyaba Kiran, Mina Husain, Mustafa Soomro, Ross Dunne, Sarwat Sultan, Imran B. Chaudhry, Farooq Naeem, Nasim Chaudhry, Nusrat Husain
-
- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 5 / September 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2020, e81
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Open access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Background
The evidence base for stigma in mental health largely originates from high-income countries.
AimsThis study from Pakistan aimed to address the gap in literature on stigma from low- and middle-income countries.
MethodThis cross-sectional study surveyed 1470 adults from Karachi, Pakistan. Participants from three groups (healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public) completed the adapted Bogardus Social Distance Scale (SDS) as a measure of stigma.
ResultsAll three groups reported higher scores of stigma toward mental disorders compared with physical disorders. SDS scores for mental illness in the general public were significantly higher than in healthcare students (mean difference (MD) 6.93, 95% CI 5.45–8.45, P < 0.001) and healthcare professionals (MD 6.93, 95% CI 5.48–8.38, P < 0.001). However, SDS scores between healthcare students and healthcare professionals were not significantly different (MD 0.003, 95% CI −1.14–1.14, P > 0.99). Being female was associated with lower stigma scores and being over the age of 30 years was associated with higher stigma scores.
ConclusionsStigma campaigns in Pakistan need to target the general population. However, evidence of negative attitudes toward mental illness in healthcare students and healthcare professionals supports the need for stronger emphasis on psychiatric education within undergraduate and postgraduate training in Pakistan.
Chapter 14 - Drugs to Treat Dementia
- from Part 2 - Psychopharmacology of the Main Psychotropic Drug Groups
- Edited by Peter M. Haddad, David J. Nutt
-
- Book:
- Seminars in Clinical Psychopharmacology
- Published online:
- 29 May 2020
- Print publication:
- 18 June 2020, pp 433-453
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Dementia is a clinical syndrome that is estimated to affect 46 million people worldwide. This number is estimated to increase to 131.5 million by 2050 (Prince et al., 2015). Dementia has a huge impact on people with the condition, their families and on health and social services. In the UK alone, it affects some 850 000 people with an estimated annual cost of £26 billion. It is a progressive neuropsychiatric condition leading to a significant strain on individuals, their families and the wider society. The risk increases with age and the burden of disease is set to rise in the coming years (Prince et al., 2015). While symptomatic treatments for the commonest cause of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, are available, no disease-modifying therapy has emerged and the majority of trials in this space have been negative although there is room for optimism (Aisen, 2017).
Chapter 22 - Practical Aspects of ECT
- Edited by I. Nicol Ferrier, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Jonathan Waite, University of Nottingham
-
- Book:
- The ECT Handbook
- Published online:
- 27 June 2019
- Print publication:
- 04 July 2019, pp 183-201
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
The Royal College of Psychiatrists recommends that a specially designated space for ECT treatment should be available (ECTAS, 2018). As the number of patients being referred for ECT continues to decline (Buley et al., 2017) the availability of ECT for patients who require it may be compromised. The College ECT Committee is supportive in helping clinics to find alternative treatments for depression which may be delivered in the ECT centre. A number of centres already provide additional services to ECT, for example clozapine and depot clinics. ECT clinics are also used for the delivery of rTMS (Chapter 15) and ketamine infusions (Chapter 17).
16 - The use of ECT in the treatment of schizophrenia and catatonia
-
- By Christopher F. Fear, 2gether NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, Ross A. Dunne, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Declan M. McLoughlin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Edited by Jonathan Waite, Andrew Easton
-
- Book:
- The ECT Handbook
- Published by:
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published online:
- 25 February 2017, pp 140-157
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
From its beginning in 1938 through to the 1950s, ECT enjoyed considerable popularity for the treatment of schizophrenia. As one of the very few available treatments, it appeared to offer rapid alleviation of psychotic symptoms, particularly in the acutely ill, and was said to be without significant risks. Nevertheless, the availability of antipsychotic drugs from 1953, together with increasing opposition to the use of ECT, led to its gradual decline through the 1960s and 1970s (Fink, 2001). A resurgence of interest in the 1980s in its use to augment the action of drugs in individuals resistant to antipsychotics was eclipsed with the arrival of atypical antipsychotics, particularly clozapine, for the pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The finding that a proportion of patients have symptoms that fail to respond to clozapine has prompted investigation of combining this drug with ECT. In addition, many psychiatrists see ECT as the treatment of choice for catatonic schizophrenia.
It is remarkable that, despite being available for more than 60 years, there are few good-quality controlled trials of ECT for schizophrenia. This has not been rectified since the publication of the previous edition of The ECT Handbook (Scott, 2005), but a number of excellent reviews of the evidence is available (Johns & Thompson, 1995; Krueger & Sackeim, 1995; Fink & Sackeim, 1996; Lehman et al, 1998). These were supplemented by a systematic review as part of the Cochrane Collaboration (Tharyan & Adams, 2005). This chapter has been updated slightly to incorporate additions to the literature since the last edition of the Handbook.
Efficacy
A comparison of real ECT against ‘sham’ ECT is the most rigorous method of establishing efficacy, comparable to a pharmaceutical placebo-controlled trial. In sham ECT, the control group undergoes the full ECT procedure with the exception of the stimulus, controlling for all extraneous influences on outcome. The design was developed in the 1950s, and it often included a group who received a subconvulsive stimulus. These studies are fraught with ethical and methodological difficulties and few have been published since 1965. Moreover, a lack of operationalised diagnostic criteria, compounded by an overinclusive approach to schizophrenia in the USA, often resulted in the misdiagnosis of affective psychoses.
4 - ECT prescribing and practice
-
- By Ross A. Dunne, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Declan M. McLoughlin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Edited by Jonathan Waite, Andrew Easton
-
- Book:
- The ECT Handbook
- Published by:
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published online:
- 25 February 2017, pp 28-44
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Prescribing ECT
When should the course of ECT finish?
The aim of ECT should be remission of symptoms with a minimum of side-effects. Remission rates for those with severe, usually treatmentresistant depression are approximately 60–80% (Husain et al, 2004; Eranti et al, 2007). In a multicentre US study of thrice-weekly bitemporal ECT (n=253), a 30% decrease in symptoms after six treatments was found to predict final remission (Fig. 4.1) (Husain et al, 2004). The majority of these remissions occurred before the ninth treatment. However, 40% of patients who had not responded after six treatments went on to remission. So no definitive recommendation can be given to stop treatment in those who have failed to respond after six treatments. However, if after six satisfactory treatments there has been no clinical response whatsoever, clinicians may wish to reassess the need for ECT and consult with the patient, based on the decreased predicted response and remission rate for subsequent treatment (e.g. 40% v. 70% in the above study). If patients are failing to respond or are responding slowly, ECT teams should liaise further with referring clinicians regarding ECT dosing, medications, side-effects and any other reasons for modifying or stopping the treatment course. A patient who has had no response within 12 treatments is unlikely to have a sustained response to ECT.
How often should ECT be prescribed?
In addition to electrode placement, stimulus intensity and waveform (discussed later), the effectiveness of ECT is influenced by frequency of administration. Electroconvulsive therapy is usually given twice weekly in the UK, Ireland and several other European countries, whereas in the USA, thrice-weekly treatment is common practice. The UK ECT Review Group (2003) meta-analysis failed to find statistically significant differences between twice- and thrice-weekly bitemporal ECT with a fixed number of treatments (Kellner et al, 1992; Gangadhar et al, 1993; Lerer et al, 1995; Janakiramaiah et al, 1998; Shapira et al, 1998; Vieweg, 1998; UK ECT Review Group, 2003). There were trends showing thrice-weekly ECT to be no more effective than twice-weekly treatment but to have more cognitive side-effects. The clinical and cognitive outcomes of clinical trials in which patients are treated thrice weekly may not be fully applicable to routine UK practice.
One open study suggested that unilateral ECT delivered more often could be as effective as bitemporal ECT given twice weekly (Stromgren, 1975; Stromgren et al, 1976).
Contributors
-
- By Maureen Callanan, Eva Chian-Hui Chen, Judy Dunn, Robyn Fivush, Heidi Fung, Joan E. Grusec, Lacey J. Hilliard, Claire Hughes, Deborah Laible, Jin Li, Lynn S. Liben, Megan Luce, Kelly Marin, Natalie Merrill, Peggy J. Miller, Tia Neha, Larry Nucci, Tia Panfile Murphy, Monisha Pasupathi, Holly E. Recchia, Elaine Reese, Jennifer Rigney, Hildy Ross, Qingfang Song, Laura Sterponi, Mele Taumoepeau, Ross A. Thompson, Araceli Valle, Cecilia Wainryb, Qi Wang, Abby C. Winer
- Edited by Cecilia Wainryb, University of Utah, Holly E. Recchia, Concordia University, Montréal
-
- Book:
- Talking about Right and Wrong
- Published online:
- 05 March 2014
- Print publication:
- 20 March 2014, pp xii-xiii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
4 - ECT prescribing and practice
-
- By Ross A. Dunne, Academic Clinical Fellow, Specialty Registrar in Old Age Psychiatry, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Declan M. McLoughlin, Research Professor of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, and St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Edited by Jonathan Waite, Andrew Easton
-
- Book:
- The ECT Handbook
- Published online:
- 02 January 2018
- Print publication:
- 01 May 2013, pp 28-44
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Prescribing ECT
When should the course of ECT finish?
The aim of ECT should be remission of symptoms with a minimum of side-effects. Remission rates for those with severe, usually treatmentresistant depression are approximately 60–80% (Husain et al, 2004; Eranti et al, 2007). In a multicentre US study of thrice-weekly bitemporal ECT (n=253), a 30% decrease in symptoms after six treatments was found to predict final remission (Fig. 4.1) (Husain et al, 2004). The majority of these remissions occurred before the ninth treatment. However, 40% of patients who had not responded after six treatments went on to remission. So no definitive recommendation can be given to stop treatment in those who have failed to respond after six treatments. However, if after six satisfactory treatments there has been no clinical response whatsoever, clinicians may wish to reassess the need for ECT and consult with the patient, based on the decreased predicted response and remission rate for subsequent treatment (e.g. 40% v. 70% in the above study). If patients are failing to respond or are responding slowly, ECT teams should liaise further with referring clinicians regarding ECT dosing, medications, side-effects and any other reasons for modifying or stopping the treatment course. A patient who has had no response within 12 treatments is unlikely to have a sustained response to ECT.
How often should ECT be prescribed?
In addition to electrode placement, stimulus intensity and waveform (discussed later), the effectiveness of ECT is influenced by frequency of administration. Electroconvulsive therapy is usually given twice weekly in the UK, Ireland and several other European countries, whereas in the USA, thrice-weekly treatment is common practice. The UK ECT Review Group (2003) meta-analysis failed to find statistically significant differences between twice- and thrice-weekly bitemporal ECT with a fixed number of treatments (Kellner et al, 1992; Gangadhar et al, 1993; Lerer et al, 1995; Janakiramaiah et al, 1998; Shapira et al, 1998; Vieweg, 1998; UK ECT Review Group, 2003). There were trends showing thrice-weekly ECT to be no more effective than twice-weekly treatment but to have more cognitive side-effects. The clinical and cognitive outcomes of clinical trials in which patients are treated thrice weekly may not be fully applicable to routine UK practice.
16 - The use of ECT in the treatment of schizophrenia and catatonia
-
- By Christopher F. Fear, Consultant Psychiatrist, 2gether NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, Ross A. Dunne, Academic Clinical Fellow, Specialty Registrar in Old Age Psychiatry, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Declan M. McLoughlin, Research Professor of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, and St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Edited by Jonathan Waite, Andrew Easton
-
- Book:
- The ECT Handbook
- Published online:
- 02 January 2018
- Print publication:
- 01 May 2013, pp 140-157
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
From its beginning in 1938 through to the 1950s, ECT enjoyed considerable popularity for the treatment of schizophrenia. As one of the very few available treatments, it appeared to offer rapid alleviation of psychotic symptoms, particularly in the acutely ill, and was said to be without significant risks. Nevertheless, the availability of antipsychotic drugs from 1953, together with increasing opposition to the use of ECT, led to its gradual decline through the 1960s and 1970s (Fink, 2001). A resurgence of interest in the 1980s in its use to augment the action of drugs in individuals resistant to antipsychotics was eclipsed with the arrival of atypical antipsychotics, particularly clozapine, for the pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The finding that a proportion of patients have symptoms that fail to respond to clozapine has prompted investigation of combining this drug with ECT. In addition, many psychiatrists see ECT as the treatment of choice for catatonic schizophrenia.
It is remarkable that, despite being available for more than 60 years, there are few good-quality controlled trials of ECT for schizophrenia. This has not been rectified since the publication of the previous edition of The ECT Handbook (Scott, 2005), but a number of excellent reviews of the evidence is available (Johns & Thompson, 1995; Krueger & Sackeim, 1995; Fink & Sackeim, 1996; Lehman et al, 1998). These were supplemented by a systematic review as part of the Cochrane Collaboration (Tharyan & Adams, 2005). This chapter has been updated slightly to incorporate additions to the literature since the last edition of the Handbook.
Efficacy
A comparison of real ECT against ‘sham’ ECT is the most rigorous method of establishing efficacy, comparable to a pharmaceutical placebo-controlled trial. In sham ECT, the control group undergoes the full ECT procedure with the exception of the stimulus, controlling for all extraneous influences on outcome. The design was developed in the 1950s, and it often included a group who received a subconvulsive stimulus. These studies are fraught with ethical and methodological difficulties and few have been published since 1965. Moreover, a lack of operationalised diagnostic criteria, compounded by an overinclusive approach to schizophrenia in the USA, often resulted in the misdiagnosis of affective psychoses. This makes many of these early studies difficult to interpret.
Contributors
-
- By Ghazi Al-Rawas, Vazken Andréassian, Tianqi Ao, Stacey A. Archfield, Berit Arheimer, András Bárdossy, Trent Biggs, Günter Blöschl, Theresa Blume, Marco Borga, Helge Bormann, Gianluca Botter, Tom Brown, Donald H. Burn, Sean K. Carey, Attilio Castellarin, Francis Chiew, François Colin, Paulin Coulibaly, Armand Crabit, Barry Croke, Siegfried Demuth, Qingyun Duan, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Thomas Dunne, Ying Fan, Xing Fang, Boris Gartsman, Alexander Gelfan, Mikhail Georgievski, Nick van de Giesen, David C. Goodrich, Hoshin V. Gupta, Khaled Haddad, David M. Hannah, H. A. P. Hapuarachchi, Hege Hisdal, Kamila Hlavčová, Markus Hrachowitz, Denis A. Hughes, Günter Humer, Ruud Hurkmans, Vito Iacobellis, Elena Ilyichyova, Hiroshi Ishidaira, Graham Jewitt, Shaofeng Jia, Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Anthony S. Kiem, Robert Kirnbauer, Thomas R. Kjeldsen, Jürgen Komma, Leonid M. Korytny, Charles N. Kroll, George Kuczera, Gregor Laaha, Henny A. J. van Lanen, Hjalmar Laudon, Jens Liebe, Shijun Lin, Göran Lindström, Suxia Liu, Jun Magome, Danny G. Marks, Dominic Mazvimavi, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Brian L. McGlynn, Kevin J. McGuire, Neil McIntyre, Thomas A. McMahon, Ralf Merz, Robert A. Metcalfe, Alberto Montanari, David Morris, Roger Moussa, Lakshman Nandagiri, Thomas Nester, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, Ludovic Oudin, Juraj Parajka, Charles S. Pearson, Murray C. Peel, Charles Perrin, John W. Pomeroy, David A. Post, Ataur Rahman, Liliang Ren, Magdalena Rogger, Dan Rosbjerg, José Luis Salinas, Jos Samuel, Eric Sauquet, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Takahiro Sayama, John C. Schaake, Kevin Shook, Murugesu Sivapalan, Jon Olav Skøien, Chris Soulsby, Christopher Spence, R. ‘Sri’ Srikanthan, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Jan Szolgay, Yasuto Tachikawa, Kuniyoshi Takeuchi, Lena M. Tallaksen, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Sally E. Thompson, Elena Toth, Peter A. Troch, Remko Uijlenhoet, Carl L. Unkrich, Alberto Viglione, Neil R. Viney, Richard M. Vogel, Thorsten Wagener, M. Todd Walter, Guoqiang Wang, Markus Weiler, Rolf Weingartner, Erwin Weinmann, Hessel Winsemius, Ross A. Woods, Dawen Yang, Chihiro Yoshimura, Andy Young, Gordon Young, Erwin Zehe, Yongqiang Zhang, Maichun C. Zhou
- Edited by Günter Blöschl, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Murugesu Sivapalan, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Thorsten Wagener, University of Bristol, Alberto Viglione, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Hubert Savenije, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
-
- Book:
- Runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 18 April 2013, pp ix-xiv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Antidepressant augmentation and combination in unipolar depression: strong guidance, weak foundations
- Erik Kolshus, Leonard Douglas, Ross Dunne
-
- Journal:
- Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine / Volume 28 / Issue 4 / December 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 June 2014, pp. i-ix
- Print publication:
- December 2011
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Depression will be the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease by 2020. In Ireland, in 2009, 6061 people were hospitalised with depressive disorders. This represents a significant economic and social burden. There is growing awareness of the difficulty in treating depression with medications alone. The likelihood that a patient will achieve remission with the first antidepressant tried is around 30%, and the rates are similar for the second antidepressant tried. This falls to around 15% after three trials. Many patients are exposed to pharmacotherapy for extended periods of time with little beneficial effect, but often with side-effects. Patients are therefore in great need of clear information with regard to their chance of success. Clinicians are in need of clear guidance on prescribing strategies which have proven efficacy. However, this guidance often discusses treatment strategies based on varying levels of evidence. Guiding bodies may approach the problem from varying perspectives. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has a clear government mandate with regard to provision of not only effective but cost-effective treatments. The British Association of Psychopharmacology (BAP) is an independent body of interested researchers and therefore may discuss prescribing options from the point of view of tertiary care institutions, and university centres. The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust publish the popular Maudsley guidelines. These are perhaps more pragmatic in nature, but include very low levels of evidence, including case series.
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is an independent member association which also publishes guidelines. These are published in the American Journal of Psychiatry and the latest guidelines were published in October 2010.
All these bodies attempt to weigh their advice according to the level of evidence available and aim to provide clinical guidance in difficult situations. The burden on guiding organisations is to provide some direction and clarity in areas that are often unclear or controversial. Clinical guidelines are one method of providing support and guidance to busy clinicians. However, this clinician-centered approach has limitations. The onus is on the authors of the guidance to provide ever-more treatment options. This may mean that conclusions about the efficacy of medications is overstated or the limitations of the literature not fully explored in explanatory notes.
Jumping to conclusions: the psychology of delusional reasoning
- Philippa Garety, Daniel Freeman, Suzanne Jolley, Kerry Ross, Helen Waller, Graham Dunn
-
- Journal:
- Advances in Psychiatric Treatment / Volume 17 / Issue 5 / September 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 332-339
- Print publication:
- September 2011
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Delusions are a key symptom of psychosis and they are frequently distressing and disabling. Existing treatments, both pharmacological and psychological, are only partially effective. It is important to develop new treatment approaches based on theoretically derived and empirically tested processes. Delusions are associated with a reasoning bias: the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias involves gathering limited information to reach decisions. It is proposed that this bias influences appraisals of psychotic experiences leading to the formation and persistence of delusions. Existing treatments do not influence JTC. A new intensive treatment approach – ‘reasoning training’ – is described. It aims to encourage participants to gather information, consider alternative explanations for events and review the evidence before reaching a decision. Preliminary data suggest that it is possible to change the JTC bias and that this improves belief flexibility and may reduce delusional conviction. The concepts and methods of this new approach have implications for clinical practice.
Contributors
-
- By Aakash Agarwala, Linda S. Aglio, Rae M. Allain, Paul D. Allen, Houman Amirfarzan, Yasodananda Kumar Areti, Amit Asopa, Edwin G. Avery, Patricia R. Bachiller, Angela M. Bader, Rana Badr, Sibinka Bajic, David J. Baker, Sheila R. Barnett, Rena Beckerly, Lorenzo Berra, Walter Bethune, Sascha S. Beutler, Tarun Bhalla, Edward A. Bittner, Jonathan D. Bloom, Alina V. Bodas, Lina M. Bolanos-Diaz, Ruma R. Bose, Jan Boublik, John P. Broadnax, Jason C. Brookman, Meredith R. Brooks, Roland Brusseau, Ethan O. Bryson, Linda A. Bulich, Kenji Butterfield, William R. Camann, Denise M. Chan, Theresa S. Chang, Jonathan E. Charnin, Mark Chrostowski, Fred Cobey, Adam B. Collins, Mercedes A. Concepcion, Christopher W. Connor, Bronwyn Cooper, Jeffrey B. Cooper, Martha Cordoba-Amorocho, Stephen B. Corn, Darin J. Correll, Gregory J. Crosby, Lisa J. Crossley, Deborah J. Culley, Tomas Cvrk, Michael N. D'Ambra, Michael Decker, Daniel F. Dedrick, Mark Dershwitz, Francis X. Dillon, Pradeep Dinakar, Alimorad G. Djalali, D. John Doyle, Lambertus Drop, Ian F. Dunn, Theodore E. Dushane, Sunil Eappen, Thomas Edrich, Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, Jason M. Erlich, Lucinda L. Everett, Elliott S. Farber, Khaldoun Faris, Eddy M. Feliz, Massimo Ferrigno, Richard S. Field, Michael G. Fitzsimons, Hugh L. Flanagan Jr., Vladimir Formanek, Amanda A. Fox, John A. Fox, Gyorgy Frendl, Tanja S. Frey, Samuel M. Galvagno Jr., Edward R. Garcia, Jonathan D. Gates, Cosmin Gauran, Brian J. Gelfand, Simon Gelman, Alexander C. Gerhart, Peter Gerner, Omid Ghalambor, Christopher J. Gilligan, Christian D. Gonzalez, Noah E. Gordon, William B. Gormley, Thomas J. Graetz, Wendy L. Gross, Amit Gupta, James P. Hardy, Seetharaman Hariharan, Miriam Harnett, Philip M. Hartigan, Joaquim M. Havens, Bishr Haydar, Stephen O. Heard, James L. Helstrom, David L. Hepner, McCallum R. Hoyt, Robert N. Jamison, Karinne Jervis, Stephanie B. Jones, Swaminathan Karthik, Richard M. Kaufman, Shubjeet Kaur, Lee A. Kearse Jr., John C. Keel, Scott D. Kelley, Albert H. Kim, Amy L. Kim, Grace Y. Kim, Robert J. Klickovich, Robert M. Knapp, Bhavani S. Kodali, Rahul Koka, Alina Lazar, Laura H. Leduc, Stanley Leeson, Lisa R. Leffert, Scott A. LeGrand, Patricio Leyton, J. Lance Lichtor, John Lin, Alvaro A. Macias, Karan Madan, Sohail K. Mahboobi, Devi Mahendran, Christine Mai, Sayeed Malek, S. Rao Mallampati, Thomas J. Mancuso, Ramon Martin, Matthew C. Martinez, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, Kai Matthes, Tommaso Mauri, Mary Ellen McCann, Shannon S. McKenna, Dennis J. McNicholl, Abdel-Kader Mehio, Thor C. Milland, Tonya L. K. Miller, John D. Mitchell, K. Annette Mizuguchi, Naila Moghul, David R. Moss, Ross J. Musumeci, Naveen Nathan, Ju-Mei Ng, Liem C. Nguyen, Ervant Nishanian, Martina Nowak, Ala Nozari, Michael Nurok, Arti Ori, Rafael A. Ortega, Amy J. Ortman, David Oxman, Arvind Palanisamy, Carlo Pancaro, Lisbeth Lopez Pappas, Benjamin Parish, Samuel Park, Deborah S. Pederson, Beverly K. Philip, James H. Philip, Silvia Pivi, Stephen D. Pratt, Douglas E. Raines, Stephen L. Ratcliff, James P. Rathmell, J. Taylor Reed, Elizabeth M. Rickerson, Selwyn O. Rogers Jr., Thomas M. Romanelli, William H. Rosenblatt, Carl E. Rosow, Edgar L. Ross, J. Victor Ryckman, Mônica M. Sá Rêgo, Nicholas Sadovnikoff, Warren S. Sandberg, Annette Y. Schure, B. Scott Segal, Navil F. Sethna, Swapneel K. Shah, Shaheen F. Shaikh, Fred E. Shapiro, Torin D. Shear, Prem S. Shekar, Stanton K. Shernan, Naomi Shimizu, Douglas C. Shook, Kamal K. Sikka, Pankaj K. Sikka, David A. Silver, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Emily A. Singer, Ken Solt, Spiro G. Spanakis, Wolfgang Steudel, Matthias Stopfkuchen-Evans, Michael P. Storey, Gary R. Strichartz, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Wariya Sukhupragarn, John Summers, Shine Sun, Eswar Sundar, Sugantha Sundar, Neelakantan Sunder, Faraz Syed, Usha B. Tedrow, Nelson L. Thaemert, George P. Topulos, Lawrence C. Tsen, Richard D. Urman, Charles A. Vacanti, Francis X. Vacanti, Joshua C. Vacanti, Assia Valovska, Ivan T. Valovski, Mary Ann Vann, Susan Vassallo, Anasuya Vasudevan, Kamen V. Vlassakov, Gian Paolo Volpato, Essi M. Vulli, J. Matthias Walz, Jingping Wang, James F. Watkins, Maxwell Weinmann, Sharon L. Wetherall, Mallory Williams, Sarah H. Wiser, Zhiling Xiong, Warren M. Zapol, Jie Zhou
- Edited by Charles Vacanti, Scott Segal, Pankaj Sikka, Richard Urman
-
- Book:
- Essential Clinical Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 January 2012
- Print publication:
- 11 July 2011, pp xv-xxviii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
twelve - ‘Public goods’, metropolitan inequality and population health in comparative perspective: policy and theory
- Edited by Salvatore J. Babones
-
- Book:
- Social Inequality and Public Health
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 22 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 22 April 2009, pp 169-184
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
There is no such thing as society: there are individual men and women, and there are families. (Margaret Thatcher, 1987, www.margaretthatcher. org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=106689)
Margaret Thatcher's infamous words suggest a declining capacity to conceptualise and articulate notions of the public good in affluent societies. Such a lack of collective imagery is at odds with recent research investigating the relationship between societal income distribution and population health in industrialised countries. This research suggests that societies (national and subnational jurisdictions) with more egalitarian income distributions have better average health status. It is already well established that for individuals in industrialised countries, greater social status (however measured, that is, income, education and so on) is associated with better health status (almost irrespective of health status measure), but at the aggregate level, relative income (income inequality) appears to be more strongly associated with health status than measures of absolute income like median income (for example, Kaplan et al, 1996; Wilkinson, 1996; Lynch et al, 1998). The individual ‘social gradient in health’ has been virtually ubiquitous across the industrialised countries for most of the last century. In short, for individuals, it is clear that wealthier is typically healthier, while at the population level, it appears that societies with a more egalitarian distribution of income are healthier than those with a more unequal distribution of income.
But the evidence on this relationship is not universal and its meaning for policy is highly contested. Lynch et al (2004) and Wilkinson and Pickett (2006) conducted reviews of the same literature and arrived at very different conclusions about the consistency and the importance of the evidence on this relationship. Both would agree that the implications of the evidence are not self-evident, although they arrived at different conclusions about what those implications are.
We argue that there are three heretofore unacknowledged factors that inhibit any resolution of the debate about the importance of income inequality and health:
• the body of evidence consists of a series of studies that are not directly comparable;
• even if it were directly comparable, it would demonstrate considerable ambiguity in its implications, because the relationship is not universal;
• even if we had perfect information, there are deeply entrenched views about the appropriate policy remedies that would not only be effective but have tolerable side effects.
Electroconvulsive therapy, capacity and the law in Ireland
- Ross Dunne, Adam Kavanagh, Declan M McLoughlin
-
- Journal:
- Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine / Volume 26 / Issue 1 / March 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 June 2014, pp. 3-5
- Print publication:
- March 2009
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
The Mental Health Act (MHA) 2001 has major implications for treating patients with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), especially as those referred for treatment are among the most severely ill and often lose capacity. Under the MHA 2001, a person may only be treated without consent if they are an involuntary patient. However, there is no provision in the Act for treating voluntary inpatients whose mental state has deteriorated but who do not seek to leave hospital. Such people may lack capacity to make treatment decisions but be passively compliant.
The Wards of Court system is currently the only legal recourse but has been criticised by the Law Reform Commission and is unwieldy. Further legislation governing treatment of people lacking capacity to consent to ECT or withhold consent is required to protect and advance treatment of all concerned.
JIHĀD AND DEFENSIVE MODERNIZATION IN NORTHWEST AFRICA Jihad and its Interpretations in Pre-Colonial Morocco: State–Society Relations during the French Conquest of Algeria. By AMIRA K. BENNISON. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. Pp. xviii+205. £50 (ISBN 0-7007-1693-9).
- ROSS E. DUNN
-
- Journal:
- The Journal of African History / Volume 44 / Issue 3 / November 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 November 2003, pp. 522-524
- Print publication:
- November 2003
-
- Article
- Export citation
Labsal dessen, der bei Tag und bei Nacht reist: Ibn Māliḥs Uns as-sāri was-sārib: Ein marokkanisches Pilgerbuch des frühen 17. Jahrhunderts, translated and edited by Sabine Schupp. (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 106.) 150 pages, 4 indices, map. Klaus Schwarz Verlag, Berlin 1985.
- Ross E. Dunn
-
- Journal:
- Middle East Studies Association Bulletin / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / December 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2016, pp. 205-206
- Print publication:
- December 1987
-
- Article
- Export citation
Tribe and Class in the Rif - Moroccan Peasants: A Century of Change in the Eastern Rif, 1870–1970. By David Seddon. Folkestone: Dawson, 1981. Pp. xvii + 337. £15.
- Ross E. Dunn
-
- Journal:
- The Journal of African History / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / January 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 January 2009, pp. 132-133
- Print publication:
- January 1983
-
- Article
- Export citation
Germain Ayache. Études d’ Histoire Marocaine. Rabat: Société Marocaine des Éditeurs Réunis, 1979. 415 pp.
- Ross E. Dunn
-
- Journal:
- Middle East Studies Association Bulletin / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / December 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2016, pp. 35-37
- Print publication:
- December 1980
-
- Article
- Export citation